Introduction to Building a Wheelchair Ramp
Consider the following before you begin the design and construction of a wheelchair ramp:
Who's the primary user?
What type of assistive device does the person use (cane, crutches, walker, manual or electric wheelchair)?
Will the person's abilities change?
What are the local zoning requirements?
These are just a few of the questions that must be addressed before you begin your project. The following information should guide you in this process.
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Planning the Ramp
There are critical elements that must be considered before building a wooden wheelchair ramp such as the specific point of entry to your home, the area available for ramp creation, the required slope of the ramp and local building codes.
Home Entry
The choice of which door to place the ramp on will be influenced by several factors including how easy the doorway is to access from other points in the home, the width of the doorway and whether existing features of the doorway (stairs, platforms or porches) can easily accommodate a ramp.
Space Limitations That Impact Ramp Design
Many aspects of a ramp's design are limited by the space available and obstacles (trees, buildings and walkways) that affect where it can be located. By constructing a U-shaped ramp, a longer ramp can fit into a smaller space.
Ramp Slope and Size
It's critical to consider the angle and length of the ramp. The ramp slope will impact the layout requirements, the expense involved and the ramp's ultimate usefulness. Slope is the angle relationship of vertical height (rise) to the horizontal length or projection (run). It's usually expressed as a ratio of these two measurements, with the rise figure frequently set at a unit of one. For example, a slope of 1:12 means that for every dimensional unit of height (usually inches), the slope projects 12 units (inches).
Although other slope ratios may be used for constructing your ramp, the American With Disabilities Act (ADA) recommends a 1:12 slope. For example, if your porch height is 24 inches off the ground, you'll need a 24-foot ramp to safely accommodate wheelchair access. If you plan on deviating from this standard, you should check your local building codes to be certain you're in compliance.
Ramp Rise
The maximum rise for any given ramp segment shouldn't exceed 30 inches. After rising 30 inches in elevation, a flat rest platform should be provided before the ramp continues. There must be a flat landing at the top and bottom of all ramps, and landings should always be at least as wide as the ramp itself and a minimum of 60 inches in length. Ramps that are used for direction changes should be a minimum of 60 inches by 60 inches.
Ramp Width
The minimum inside width between the opposing handrails must be at least 36 inches to accommodate a wheelchair. This means the ramp must be built at least 42 inches wide to allow for the 1-1/2-inch spacing between the handrail and any surface and the actual 1-1/2-inch handrail.
Building Codes
Explicit code requirements may be imposed by your homeowners association or your local municipality. Check with your local building office to see if a permit is required before beginning your project.
Standard Practices
There are many standard design practices that are commonly applied to your project based on your geographic area. Also, the ADA Standards for Accessible Design established practices for commercial ramps. Although these aren't legal requirements, it may be useful to review them and some could be expectations in your area.
Handrails and Spindles
If a ramp run has a rise greater than 6 inches or is longer than 72 inches, handrails are recommended. For safety, handrails should be placed along both sides of the ramp segment. The inside handrail should be continuous on switchback or dogleg ramps. The top of the handrail should be mounted between 34 and 38 inches above ramp surfaces. The space between the handrail and the wall or any solid surface should be at least 1-1/2 inches. For ramps over 30 inches from ground level, spindles should be used, and a curb or crutch stop should be placed along both sides of the ramp to prevent wheels from leaving the ramp.
Ramp Materials
The material you use for the ramp surface is based on personal preference. It should be stable, firm and slip-resistant in all weather circumstances. Low-maintenance composite materials can be an excellent choice. You should also consider low-maintenance handrail materials for years of comfortable use.
How to Build a Wheelchair Ramp
The configuration of the ramp and the materials you use will impact how you build it. Talk to your local municipality to determine if you'll need a building permit or inspections to ensure a safe wheelchair ramp. The steps outlined below will guide you through the general process for building a wooden accessibility ramp for a private home. This information is of a general nature and shouldn't be assumed to be accurate for your specific project needs. Contact an architect or licensed contractor prior to starting this project.
Step 1: Select a Location
Based on the planning process described above, select the ideal spot for your ramp. You can use Google Earth to get an overhead view of your property and to precisely position your ramp plan around obstacles.
Step 2: Determine the Length of Your Ramp
Step 3: Determine the Shape of Your Ramp
Step 4: Measure and Lay Out the Landing
Step 5: Adjust the Batter Boards
Step 6: Mark the Ground
Step 7: Install the Footings
Step 8: Pour the Concrete
Step 9: Find the Post Centers
Step 10: Secure the Post Anchor
Step 11: Construct Any Remaining Sections
Step 12: Install the Joists
Step 13: Install the Decking
Step 14: Install the Railing
Step 15: Build and Install the Landing